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Ecosystem

Old Code vs. New Code

Calling Multiple Functions

Get the fourth row of a data.frame with just head() and tail()

tail(head(iris, n=4), n=1)

  Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
4          4.6         3.1          1.5         0.2  setosa

iris %>% head(n=4) %>% tail(n=1)

  Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
4          4.6         3.1          1.5         0.2  setosa

Working Directories

Reading Data

pizza_base <- read.csv('../../data/PizzaPlacesSample.csv')

class(pizza_base$Name)

[1] "factor"

pizza_modern <- read_csv(here('data', 'PizzaPlacesSample.csv'))

Parsed with column specification:
cols(
  Name = col_character(),
  Price = col_double(),
  Address = col_character(),
  City = col_character(),
  State = col_character(),
  Zip = col_double(),
  Phone = col_character()
)

pizza_modern

# A tibble: 100 x 7
   Name            Price Address           City     State   Zip Phone      
   <chr>           <dbl> <chr>             <chr>    <chr> <dbl> <chr>      
 1 Rocky's             1 474 Coney Island~ Brooklyn NY    11218 (718) 854-~
 2 La Lanterna Ca~     3 129 MacDougal St  New York NY    10012 (212) 529-~
 3 L Bella Pizzer~     3 69-26 Main St     Flushing NY    11367 (718) 261-~
 4 Cheesy Pizza        2 2640 Broadway     New York NY    10025 (212) 662-~
 5 Little Italy P~     2 11 Park Pl        New York NY    10007 (212) 227-~
 6 Pomodoro Pizza      2 14 Rector St      New York NY    10006 (212) 406-~
 7 Broadway Gourm~     1 588 Broadway      New York NY    10012 (212) 941-~
 8 Antonio's Pizza     1 318 Flatbush Ave  Brooklyn NY    11238 (718) 398-~
 9 La Bruschetta       3 256 7th Ave       Brooklyn NY    11215 (718) 499-~
10 Como Pizza          2 4035 Broadway     New York NY    10032 (212) 928-~
# ... with 90 more rows

pizza_modern$Name %>% class()

[1] "character"

Getting Columns

subset(pizza_base, select=c(Name, Price))

                                       Name Price
1                                   Rocky's     1
2                         La Lanterna Caffe     3
3                          L Bella Pizzeria     3
4                              Cheesy Pizza     2
5                        Little Italy Pizza     2
6                            Pomodoro Pizza     2
7                          Broadway Gourmet     1
8                           Antonio's Pizza     1
9                             La Bruschetta     3
10                               Como Pizza     2
11                             Bella Napoli     3
12                             Paulie Gee's     3
13                             Aurora Pizza     1
14                      Amsterdam Ale House     3
15                           Ozone Pizzeria     2
16                           Angelo's Pizza     2
17                                  Armonie     3
18                              Pizza World     1
19                         Grandaisy Bakery     2
20                              Party Pizza     2
21                                     Cosi     2
22                        Off Broadway Deli     2
23                           Angelica Pizza     1
24                      EvilOlivE Pizza Bar     1
25                                 TiramiSu     3
26                               Le Paddock     3
27                              Van Diemens     2
28                                  Tommy's     2
29                 Little Munchies Pizzeria     1
30                          Gino's Pizzeria     2
31                    B&W Deli and Pizzeria     1
32                             Vito's Pizza     3
33                          Fat Sal's Pizza     2
34                              T & R Pizza     2
35                           Broadway Pizza     1
36                    Astoria Park Pizzeria     2
37                       Dagan Kosher Pizza     3
38                          Serafina Always     4
39                         Adriana Pizzeria     2
40  Don Giuseppe Trattoria / Ray Bari Pizza     3
41                      Benny's Pizza Place     2
42                            Hudson Market     2
43                              Prima Pizza     2
44                             Due Fratelli     3
45                                  City 75     1
46                        Two Sisters Pizza     1
47                Mamma's Famous Ristorante     2
48                                Monty Q's     3
49                   Blinks Deli & Pizzeria     2
50                                   Coco's     1
51                               Cafe Basil     2
52                              Roy's Pizza     2
53                             Rivoli Pizza     1
54                                   Golosi     2
55                               Pizzabolla     1
56                                  Luigi's     2
57                       Famous Ben's Pizza     2
58              Famous Original Ray's Pizza     2
59                                Saluggi's     3
60                  Times Square Food Court     2
61                              Pizza House     2
62                           J & V Pizzeria     1
63                             K Food Pizza     2
64                          Dreamer's Pizza     3
65                          Knapp Pizza III     1
66                    99 Cent Express Pizza     1
67                              Il Fornetto     4
68    Naomi's Kosher Pizza & Israel Falafel     1
69                         Taste Of Italian     2
70                        Angelo's Pizzeria     2
71                     Trattoria L'Incontro     4
72              Teresa's Gourmet Coffee Bar     1
73               The Brooklyn Pizza Factory     2
74                        Salvo's Pizza Bar     3
75                         Frank's Pizzeria     2
76                             Gigi's Pizza     2
77                             Tato's Pizza     3
78                            Osteria Cotta     3
79                           Pia's Pizzeria     2
80                                Mezzaluna     4
81                         Patsy's Pizzeria     3
82                             Tony's Pizza     3
83                           Krust Pizzeria     2
84                                   Mamani     1
85                              Italy Pizza     2
86                               Pizza King     1
87                             Beny's Pizza     1
88          Tri-Color Restaurant & Pizzeria     2
89                                   Rafele     4
90                                 Table 87     2
91                                 Eleven B     3
92                          Famous Famiglia     2
93                          Los Cuencanitos     2
94                     South Brooklyn Pizza     2
95                                 Squisito     3
96                          Armando's Pizza     2
97                             Pete's Place     2
98                     Adrienne's Pizza Bar     3
99                                Cafe Viva     2
100                      Steves Pizza Place     2

?subset

Warning

This is a convenience function intended for use interactively. For programming it is better to use the standard subsetting functions like [, and in particular the non-standard evaluation of argument subset can have unanticipated consequences.

pizza_base[, c('Name', 'Price')]

                                       Name Price
1                                   Rocky's     1
2                         La Lanterna Caffe     3
3                          L Bella Pizzeria     3
4                              Cheesy Pizza     2
5                        Little Italy Pizza     2
6                            Pomodoro Pizza     2
7                          Broadway Gourmet     1
8                           Antonio's Pizza     1
9                             La Bruschetta     3
10                               Como Pizza     2
11                             Bella Napoli     3
12                             Paulie Gee's     3
13                             Aurora Pizza     1
14                      Amsterdam Ale House     3
15                           Ozone Pizzeria     2
16                           Angelo's Pizza     2
17                                  Armonie     3
18                              Pizza World     1
19                         Grandaisy Bakery     2
20                              Party Pizza     2
21                                     Cosi     2
22                        Off Broadway Deli     2
23                           Angelica Pizza     1
24                      EvilOlivE Pizza Bar     1
25                                 TiramiSu     3
26                               Le Paddock     3
27                              Van Diemens     2
28                                  Tommy's     2
29                 Little Munchies Pizzeria     1
30                          Gino's Pizzeria     2
31                    B&W Deli and Pizzeria     1
32                             Vito's Pizza     3
33                          Fat Sal's Pizza     2
34                              T & R Pizza     2
35                           Broadway Pizza     1
36                    Astoria Park Pizzeria     2
37                       Dagan Kosher Pizza     3
38                          Serafina Always     4
39                         Adriana Pizzeria     2
40  Don Giuseppe Trattoria / Ray Bari Pizza     3
41                      Benny's Pizza Place     2
42                            Hudson Market     2
43                              Prima Pizza     2
44                             Due Fratelli     3
45                                  City 75     1
46                        Two Sisters Pizza     1
47                Mamma's Famous Ristorante     2
48                                Monty Q's     3
49                   Blinks Deli & Pizzeria     2
50                                   Coco's     1
51                               Cafe Basil     2
52                              Roy's Pizza     2
53                             Rivoli Pizza     1
54                                   Golosi     2
55                               Pizzabolla     1
56                                  Luigi's     2
57                       Famous Ben's Pizza     2
58              Famous Original Ray's Pizza     2
59                                Saluggi's     3
60                  Times Square Food Court     2
61                              Pizza House     2
62                           J & V Pizzeria     1
63                             K Food Pizza     2
64                          Dreamer's Pizza     3
65                          Knapp Pizza III     1
66                    99 Cent Express Pizza     1
67                              Il Fornetto     4
68    Naomi's Kosher Pizza & Israel Falafel     1
69                         Taste Of Italian     2
70                        Angelo's Pizzeria     2
71                     Trattoria L'Incontro     4
72              Teresa's Gourmet Coffee Bar     1
73               The Brooklyn Pizza Factory     2
74                        Salvo's Pizza Bar     3
75                         Frank's Pizzeria     2
76                             Gigi's Pizza     2
77                             Tato's Pizza     3
78                            Osteria Cotta     3
79                           Pia's Pizzeria     2
80                                Mezzaluna     4
81                         Patsy's Pizzeria     3
82                             Tony's Pizza     3
83                           Krust Pizzeria     2
84                                   Mamani     1
85                              Italy Pizza     2
86                               Pizza King     1
87                             Beny's Pizza     1
88          Tri-Color Restaurant & Pizzeria     2
89                                   Rafele     4
90                                 Table 87     2
91                                 Eleven B     3
92                          Famous Famiglia     2
93                          Los Cuencanitos     2
94                     South Brooklyn Pizza     2
95                                 Squisito     3
96                          Armando's Pizza     2
97                             Pete's Place     2
98                     Adrienne's Pizza Bar     3
99                                Cafe Viva     2
100                      Steves Pizza Place     2

pizza_modern[, c('Name', 'Price')]

# A tibble: 100 x 2
   Name               Price
   <chr>              <dbl>
 1 Rocky's                1
 2 La Lanterna Caffe      3
 3 L Bella Pizzeria       3
 4 Cheesy Pizza           2
 5 Little Italy Pizza     2
 6 Pomodoro Pizza         2
 7 Broadway Gourmet       1
 8 Antonio's Pizza        1
 9 La Bruschetta          3
10 Como Pizza             2
# ... with 90 more rows

pizza_base[, c('Price')]

  [1] 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 1
 [36] 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 4 1 2 2
 [71] 4 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2

pizza_base[, c('Price'), drop=FALSE]

    Price
1       1
2       3
3       3
4       2
5       2
6       2
7       1
8       1
9       3
10      2
11      3
12      3
13      1
14      3
15      2
16      2
17      3
18      1
19      2
20      2
21      2
22      2
23      1
24      1
25      3
26      3
27      2
28      2
29      1
30      2
31      1
32      3
33      2
34      2
35      1
36      2
37      3
38      4
39      2
40      3
41      2
42      2
43      2
44      3
45      1
46      1
47      2
48      3
49      2
50      1
51      2
52      2
53      1
54      2
55      1
56      2
57      2
58      2
59      3
60      2
61      2
62      1
63      2
64      3
65      1
66      1
67      4
68      1
69      2
70      2
71      4
72      1
73      2
74      3
75      2
76      2
77      3
78      3
79      2
80      4
81      3
82      3
83      2
84      1
85      2
86      1
87      1
88      2
89      4
90      2
91      3
92      2
93      2
94      2
95      3
96      2
97      2
98      3
99      2
100     2

pizza_modern[, c('Price'), drop=TRUE]

  [1] 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 1
 [36] 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 4 1 2 2
 [71] 4 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2

pizza_modern %>% select(Name, Price)

# A tibble: 100 x 2
   Name               Price
   <chr>              <dbl>
 1 Rocky's                1
 2 La Lanterna Caffe      3
 3 L Bella Pizzeria       3
 4 Cheesy Pizza           2
 5 Little Italy Pizza     2
 6 Pomodoro Pizza         2
 7 Broadway Gourmet       1
 8 Antonio's Pizza        1
 9 La Bruschetta          3
10 Como Pizza             2
# ... with 90 more rows

pizza_modern %>% select(Price)

# A tibble: 100 x 1
   Price
   <dbl>
 1     1
 2     3
 3     3
 4     2
 5     2
 6     2
 7     1
 8     1
 9     3
10     2
# ... with 90 more rows

pizza_modern %>% pull(Price)

  [1] 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 1
 [36] 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 4 1 2 2
 [71] 4 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2

pizza_modern %>% `[`(c('Name', 'Price'))

# A tibble: 100 x 2
   Name               Price
   <chr>              <dbl>
 1 Rocky's                1
 2 La Lanterna Caffe      3
 3 L Bella Pizzeria       3
 4 Cheesy Pizza           2
 5 Little Italy Pizza     2
 6 Pomodoro Pizza         2
 7 Broadway Gourmet       1
 8 Antonio's Pizza        1
 9 La Bruschetta          3
10 Como Pizza             2
# ... with 90 more rows

Conditionally Getting Rows

pizza_base[pizza_base$Price >= 3, ]

                                      Name Price                Address
2                        La Lanterna Caffe     3       129 MacDougal St
3                         L Bella Pizzeria     3          69-26 Main St
9                            La Bruschetta     3            256 7th Ave
11                            Bella Napoli     3          150 W 49th St
12                            Paulie Gee's     3      60 Greenpoint Ave
14                     Amsterdam Ale House     3      340 Amsterdam Ave
17                                 Armonie     3         100 E 117th St
25                                TiramiSu     3           1410 3rd Ave
26                              Le Paddock     3      1235 Prospect Ave
32                            Vito's Pizza     3 78-37 Springfield Blvd
37                      Dagan Kosher Pizza     3    6187 Strickland Ave
38                         Serafina Always     4           33 E 61st St
40 Don Giuseppe Trattoria / Ray Bari Pizza     3      176-61 Union Tpke
44                            Due Fratelli     3     101-16 Queens Blvd
48                               Monty Q's     3        158 Montague St
59                               Saluggi's     3          325 Church St
64                         Dreamer's Pizza     3           1850 3rd Ave
67                             Il Fornetto     4        2902 Emmons Ave
71                    Trattoria L'Incontro     4          21-76 31st St
74                       Salvo's Pizza Bar     3          1477 York Ave
77                            Tato's Pizza     3          8409 18th Ave
78                           Osteria Cotta     3       513 Columbus Ave
80                               Mezzaluna     4           1295 3rd Ave
81                        Patsy's Pizzeria     3          318 W 23rd St
82                            Tony's Pizza     3       850 Nostrand Ave
89                                  Rafele     4           29 7th Ave S
91                                Eleven B     3              174 Ave B
95                                Squisito     3           64 E 34th St
98                    Adrienne's Pizza Bar     3            54 Stone St
              City State   Zip          Phone
2         New York    NY 10012 (212) 529-5945
3         Flushing    NY 11367 (718) 261-0196
9         Brooklyn    NY 11215 (718) 499-4994
11        New York    NY 10019 (212) 719-2819
12        Brooklyn    NY 11222 (347) 987-3747
14        New York    NY 10023 (212) 362-7260
17        New York    NY 10029 (212) 722-6400
25        New York    NY 10028 (212) 988-9780
26        Brooklyn    NY 11218 (718) 435-0921
32 Oakland Gardens    NY 11364 (718) 468-1019
37        Brooklyn    NY 11234 (718) 209-0636
38        New York    NY 10065 (212) 702-9898
40   Fresh Meadows    NY 11366 (718) 591-7901
44    Forest Hills    NY 11375 (718) 997-7111
48        Brooklyn    NY 11201 (718) 246-2000
59        New York    NY 10013 (212) 226-7900
64        New York    NY 10029 (212) 987-5414
67        Brooklyn    NY 11235 (718) 332-8494
71         Astoria    NY 11105 (718) 721-3532
74        New York    NY 10075 (646) 590-1925
77        Brooklyn    NY 11214 (718) 621-3300
78        New York    NY 10024 (212) 873-8500
80        New York    NY 10021 (212) 535-9600
81        New York    NY 10011 (646) 486-7400
82        Brooklyn    NY 11225 (718) 363-8300
89        New York    NY 10014 (212) 242-1999
91        New York    NY 10009 (212) 388-9811
95        New York    NY 10016 (212) 779-1400
98        New York    NY 10004 (212) 248-3838

pizza_modern %>% filter(Price >= 3)

# A tibble: 29 x 7
   Name           Price Address          City        State   Zip Phone     
   <chr>          <dbl> <chr>            <chr>       <chr> <dbl> <chr>     
 1 La Lanterna C~     3 129 MacDougal St New York    NY    10012 (212) 529~
 2 L Bella Pizze~     3 69-26 Main St    Flushing    NY    11367 (718) 261~
 3 La Bruschetta      3 256 7th Ave      Brooklyn    NY    11215 (718) 499~
 4 Bella Napoli       3 150 W 49th St    New York    NY    10019 (212) 719~
 5 Paulie Gee's       3 60 Greenpoint A~ Brooklyn    NY    11222 (347) 987~
 6 Amsterdam Ale~     3 340 Amsterdam A~ New York    NY    10023 (212) 362~
 7 Armonie            3 100 E 117th St   New York    NY    10029 (212) 722~
 8 TiramiSu           3 1410 3rd Ave     New York    NY    10028 (212) 988~
 9 Le Paddock         3 1235 Prospect A~ Brooklyn    NY    11218 (718) 435~
10 Vito's Pizza       3 78-37 Springfie~ Oakland Ga~ NY    11364 (718) 468~
# ... with 19 more rows

pizza_base[pizza_base$Price >= 3 & pizza_base$City == 'New York', ]

                   Name Price           Address     City State   Zip
2     La Lanterna Caffe     3  129 MacDougal St New York    NY 10012
11         Bella Napoli     3     150 W 49th St New York    NY 10019
14  Amsterdam Ale House     3 340 Amsterdam Ave New York    NY 10023
17              Armonie     3    100 E 117th St New York    NY 10029
25             TiramiSu     3      1410 3rd Ave New York    NY 10028
38      Serafina Always     4      33 E 61st St New York    NY 10065
59            Saluggi's     3     325 Church St New York    NY 10013
64      Dreamer's Pizza     3      1850 3rd Ave New York    NY 10029
74    Salvo's Pizza Bar     3     1477 York Ave New York    NY 10075
78        Osteria Cotta     3  513 Columbus Ave New York    NY 10024
80            Mezzaluna     4      1295 3rd Ave New York    NY 10021
81     Patsy's Pizzeria     3     318 W 23rd St New York    NY 10011
89               Rafele     4      29 7th Ave S New York    NY 10014
91             Eleven B     3         174 Ave B New York    NY 10009
95             Squisito     3      64 E 34th St New York    NY 10016
98 Adrienne's Pizza Bar     3       54 Stone St New York    NY 10004
            Phone
2  (212) 529-5945
11 (212) 719-2819
14 (212) 362-7260
17 (212) 722-6400
25 (212) 988-9780
38 (212) 702-9898
59 (212) 226-7900
64 (212) 987-5414
74 (646) 590-1925
78 (212) 873-8500
80 (212) 535-9600
81 (646) 486-7400
89 (212) 242-1999
91 (212) 388-9811
95 (212) 779-1400
98 (212) 248-3838

pizza_modern %>% filter(Price >= 3 & City == 'New York')

# A tibble: 16 x 7
   Name              Price Address         City    State   Zip Phone       
   <chr>             <dbl> <chr>           <chr>   <chr> <dbl> <chr>       
 1 La Lanterna Caffe     3 129 MacDougal ~ New Yo~ NY    10012 (212) 529-5~
 2 Bella Napoli          3 150 W 49th St   New Yo~ NY    10019 (212) 719-2~
 3 Amsterdam Ale Ho~     3 340 Amsterdam ~ New Yo~ NY    10023 (212) 362-7~
 4 Armonie               3 100 E 117th St  New Yo~ NY    10029 (212) 722-6~
 5 TiramiSu              3 1410 3rd Ave    New Yo~ NY    10028 (212) 988-9~
 6 Serafina Always       4 33 E 61st St    New Yo~ NY    10065 (212) 702-9~
 7 Saluggi's             3 325 Church St   New Yo~ NY    10013 (212) 226-7~
 8 Dreamer's Pizza       3 1850 3rd Ave    New Yo~ NY    10029 (212) 987-5~
 9 Salvo's Pizza Bar     3 1477 York Ave   New Yo~ NY    10075 (646) 590-1~
10 Osteria Cotta         3 513 Columbus A~ New Yo~ NY    10024 (212) 873-8~
11 Mezzaluna             4 1295 3rd Ave    New Yo~ NY    10021 (212) 535-9~
12 Patsy's Pizzeria      3 318 W 23rd St   New Yo~ NY    10011 (646) 486-7~
13 Rafele                4 29 7th Ave S    New Yo~ NY    10014 (212) 242-1~
14 Eleven B              3 174 Ave B       New Yo~ NY    10009 (212) 388-9~
15 Squisito              3 64 E 34th St    New Yo~ NY    10016 (212) 779-1~
16 Adrienne's Pizza~     3 54 Stone St     New Yo~ NY    10004 (212) 248-3~

Rows and Columns

pizza_base[pizza_base$Price >= 3, c('Name', 'Price')]

                                      Name Price
2                        La Lanterna Caffe     3
3                         L Bella Pizzeria     3
9                            La Bruschetta     3
11                            Bella Napoli     3
12                            Paulie Gee's     3
14                     Amsterdam Ale House     3
17                                 Armonie     3
25                                TiramiSu     3
26                              Le Paddock     3
32                            Vito's Pizza     3
37                      Dagan Kosher Pizza     3
38                         Serafina Always     4
40 Don Giuseppe Trattoria / Ray Bari Pizza     3
44                            Due Fratelli     3
48                               Monty Q's     3
59                               Saluggi's     3
64                         Dreamer's Pizza     3
67                             Il Fornetto     4
71                    Trattoria L'Incontro     4
74                       Salvo's Pizza Bar     3
77                            Tato's Pizza     3
78                           Osteria Cotta     3
80                               Mezzaluna     4
81                        Patsy's Pizzeria     3
82                            Tony's Pizza     3
89                                  Rafele     4
91                                Eleven B     3
95                                Squisito     3
98                    Adrienne's Pizza Bar     3

pizza_modern %>% 
  filter(Price >= 3) %>% 
  select(Name, Price)

# A tibble: 29 x 2
   Name                Price
   <chr>               <dbl>
 1 La Lanterna Caffe       3
 2 L Bella Pizzeria        3
 3 La Bruschetta           3
 4 Bella Napoli            3
 5 Paulie Gee's            3
 6 Amsterdam Ale House     3
 7 Armonie                 3
 8 TiramiSu                3
 9 Le Paddock              3
10 Vito's Pizza            3
# ... with 19 more rows

Plotting

cols <- c('red', 'green', 'blue', 'yellow', 'black')
plot(price ~ carat, data=diamonds, col=cols[diamonds$cut])
legend('topright', legend=levels(diamonds$cut), col=cols, pch=1)

ggplot(diamonds, aes(x=carat, y=price, color=cut)) + 
  geom_point(shape=1)

boxplot(price ~ cut, data=diamonds)

ggplot(diamonds, aes(x=cut, y=price)) + 
    geom_jitter(alpha=1/5, size=1, shape=1, width=0.35, aes(color=carat)) + 
    geom_violin(alpha=1/2, color='grey50', draw_quantiles=c(.25, .5, .75)) + 
    scale_color_gradient('Diamond Size', low='#56B1F7', high='#c91010') + 
    scale_y_continuous(labels=scales::dollar) + 
    labs(x='Cut', y='Price', title='Price vs Cut and Carat')

hist(diamonds$price)

ggplot(diamonds, aes(x=price)) + geom_histogram(bins=30)

hchist(diamonds$price)

plot(econ_ts)

autoplot(econ_ts)

Aggregation

aggregate(price ~ cut, data=diamonds, mean)

        cut    price
1      Fair 4358.758
2      Good 3928.864
3 Very Good 3981.760
4   Premium 4584.258
5     Ideal 3457.542

diamonds %>% 
  group_by(cut) %>% 
  summarize(AvgPrice=mean(price))

# A tibble: 5 x 2
  cut       AvgPrice
  <ord>        <dbl>
1 Fair         4359.
2 Good         3929.
3 Very Good    3982.
4 Premium      4584.
5 Ideal        3458.

aggregate(cbind(price, carat) ~ cut, data=diamonds, mean)

        cut    price     carat
1      Fair 4358.758 1.0461366
2      Good 3928.864 0.8491847
3 Very Good 3981.760 0.8063814
4   Premium 4584.258 0.8919549
5     Ideal 3457.542 0.7028370

diamonds %>% 
  group_by(cut) %>% 
  summarize(AvgPrice=mean(price), AvgCarat=mean(carat))

# A tibble: 5 x 3
  cut       AvgPrice AvgCarat
  <ord>        <dbl>    <dbl>
1 Fair         4359.    1.05 
2 Good         3929.    0.849
3 Very Good    3982.    0.806
4 Premium      4584.    0.892
5 Ideal        3458.    0.703

Modeling

Became Machine Learning

Became AI

price_formula <- log(price) ~ scale(carat) + scale(x) + scale(y) + scale(z) + cut

price_recipe <- recipe(price ~ carat + x + y + z + cut, data=diamonds) %>% 
  step_center(all_numeric(), -all_outcomes()) %>%
  step_scale(all_numeric(), -all_outcomes()) %>%
  step_dummy(cut) %>% 
  step_intercept() %>% 
  step_log(all_outcomes()) %>% 
  prep()

price_train <- price_recipe %>% juice()

mod_base <- lm(price_formula, data=diamonds)

mod_tidy <- linear_reg() %>% 
  set_engine('lm') %>% 
  fit(price ~ ., data=price_train)

mod_tidy_2 <- linear_reg() %>% 
  set_engine('stan') %>% 
  fit(price ~ ., data=price_train)

mod_tidy_3 <- linear_reg() %>% 
  set_engine('spark') %>% 
  fit(price ~ ., data=price_train)

mod_tidy_4 <- linear_reg() %>% 
  set_engine('glmnet') %>% 
  fit(price ~ ., data=price_train)

mod_tidy_5 <- linear_reg() %>% 
  set_engine('keras') %>% 
  fit(price ~ ., data=price_train)

Neural Nets

nnet_base <- nnet::nnet(price_formula, diamonds, size=64)

net <- keras_model_sequential() %>% 
  layer_dense(units=64, activation='relu', input_shape=ncol(price_train)-1) %>% 
  layer_dense(units=1, activation='linear')

net %>% 
    compile(optimizer = "rmsprop", 
            loss = "mean_squared_error", 
            metrics = c("mean_absolute_error") 
    )

net %>% 
  fit(
    x=juice(price_recipe, all_predictors(), composition='matrix'),
    y=juice(price_recipe, all_outcomes(), composition='matrix'),
    epochs=10, batch_size=64
  )

Getting Help

Once you appreciate that you have seriously misread the page, things will become a lot clearer.

Hopefully this one isn’t in the manual or I am about to get shot :-S

10 Years

The Future

Thank You